dos. Materials and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Particularly, the WBQ brings: (A) investigation for the profile of your new member; (B) recording regarding consumption into the period of the earlier in the day week of good and you can liquid dinner, liquids otherwise products from a partial-quantitative dinner frequency questionnaire (FFQ) out of 58 snacks validated to own estimating opportunity consumption in addition to more sugar and honey which is put in drinks; and (C) estimate off physical working out with regards to the latest In the world Physical activity Survey (IPAQ) , and that information lifetime of physical working out at the about three interest levels (severe, modest, lightweight take action) or sedentary conditions. Brand new IPAQ might have been verified in past times since the a corner-federal software to possess recording physical working out [20,21,22] and to guess opportunity expense.
The energy and you may drinking water content regarding registered dishes and you will products are examined utilizing the Diet plan Research Plus (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and this uses structure data from the USDA Federal Mineral Database and you can chosen Greek edibles (i.e., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek natural yogurt, lentiles beans soup, several Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Based on total times consumption and effort costs, time equilibrium was evaluated too.
Within study, “drinks” makes reference to good fresh fruit juice otherwise packaged liquid 100% instead of sugar content, sugar-sweet drinks (SSDs) (fruit nectar having glucose, sodas that have glucose and energy/isotonic drinks), low calorie soft drinks, teas and you will natural infusions, milk products (a myriad of whole milk, chocolates milk products and cocoa drink), milkshake and you will sherbets, coffee and java drinks, and alcoholic beverages (beer, wine and all particular alcohol). “Take in energy consumption (DEI)” means times intake out of products “complete time consumption (TEI)” in order to opportunity intake away from the source and “energy intake away from delicacies” to energy intake from strong and you may water delicacies (elizabeth.grams., soups). This new share from products teams so you can full opportunity intake (data out of Malisova et al. 2013), demonstrated since the total drinking habits (TWI), we.age., liquid away from beverages, h2o, strong and you will fluid foods so when take in intake of water (DWI), we.age., drinking water off drinks and you can drinking water.
step 3. Mathematical Studies
Results are shown because suggest ± sd into the usually distributed parameters and you may median (P25–P75) for the skewed of those. Normality is looked at using the opportunities–opportunities patch (P–P area) and you may histograms. Differences when considering someone about your complete energy intake, energy off beverages, time off snacks, time expense, opportunity harmony, water intake, water away from liquids and you will drinks, liquid of drinks, liquid regarding liquid, drinking water regarding products, h2o losses and h2o equilibrium were reviewed toward independent shot t-sample towards typically marketed variables in addition to Mann-Whittney You-attempt towards the skewed of them. Similarly, differences when considering the new five quartiles of time regarding beverages have been assessed on the that-way ANOVA F-shot to your usually marketed parameters together with Kruskal-Wallis H Decide to try towards the skewed ones. Significance level is actually set during the 5%. Correlations between your share off products so you’re able to kissbrides.com More Bonuses intake of water for the loved ones in order to opportunity within the cold weather and summer was basically checked out of the Pearson’s or Spearman’s relationship coefficients to possess generally speaking distributed or skewed parameters. Most of the statistical analyses performed using PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, il, IL, USA).